Method
Glossary
- Fierce dog (烈性犬)
- Administrative category (lièxìng quǎn) used by Chinese cities for breeds they ban, usually in urban areas. Since 2019, at least eleven cities have placed the Laizhou Hong in it, together with its crosses.
- CKU
- China Kennel Union (中爱联合纯种犬文化发展中心): Chinese kennel organisation and FCI member, which has registered the Laizhou Hong since 2017. Its undated standard is online by June 2018 at the latest.
- CKU-NB
- “CKU Native Breed”: an abbreviation used by a Chinese kennel for the registration of native Chinese breeds with the CKU, which includes the Laizhou Hong. The CKU launched its conservation programme for these breeds in October 2016.
- COI
- Coefficient of inbreeding: the probability that two alleles are identical by descent.
- DM
- Degenerative myelopathy: a neurological disease of older dogs (SOD1 mutation), detectable by DNA testing.
- FCI
- Fédération Cynologique Internationale: the world federation that recognises dog breeds. The Laizhou Hong is not recognised by it.
- Gastropexy
- Surgical attachment of the stomach to the abdominal wall to prevent torsion.
- Group 11
- Show group for breeds not recognised by the FCI. At the CKU, it has existed since 1 September 2018 and takes in native Chinese breeds, including the Laizhou Hong. At the CBKC (Brazil), it brings together breeds recognised only by the CBKC, including the Laizhou Hong since 2026. The CKU standard itself places the breed in group 2 of the FCI nomenclature (molossers).
- IGP
- Internationale Gebrauchshunde Prüfungsordnung (formerly Schutzhund): a dog sport combining tracking, obedience and protection.
- JLPP
- Juvenile laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy: a fatal puppy disease inherited from the Rottweiler, detectable by DNA testing.
- Langqing (狼青)
- Chinese name for a wolf-grey coat and for a Chinese “wolf-dog” of that type. The “Japanese Langqing” (日本狼青) refers to military dogs left behind by the Japanese army. Chinese sources often list it among the ancestors of the Laizhou Hong.
- Official reader
- A vet approved by the SCC (the French national kennel club) to grade dysplasia X-rays (grades A to E).
- LOF
- Livre des Origines Français: the official French pedigree register (stud book). A dog not registered with the LOF cannot be sold as a "pedigree" dog in France.
- Wolf-dog (狼犬)
- Common Chinese term (láng quǎn) that refers neither to a breed nor to a wolf hybrid: it applies to any dog with erect ears and a wolf-like outline, purebred or crossbred (German Shepherd, Langqing, Kunming dog, Laizhou Hong).
- PennHIP
- A method of measuring hip laxity (distraction index) that predicts osteoarthritis.
- SCC
- Société Centrale Canine: the official French national kennel club, which manages the LOF (the French stud book).
- SDTE
- French acronym for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): a life-threatening emergency in large dogs.
- Shandong Xigou
- Shandong sighthound (山东细犬), called “Shandong Xian Hound” in the CKU standard. Not to be confused with the Shaanxi sighthound (陕西细犬), a native breed shown by the CKU.
- Soviet Red
- Chinese trade nickname (苏联红) given to the Laizhou Hong in the 1980s–1990s. It was also used to sell other black and tan dogs: not every “Soviet Red” is a Laizhou Hong.